El potencial cosmopolita de Vitoria hecho realidad: La naturaleza humana y los derechos humanos a través de la construcción social, no del derecho natural
Resumen
La conferencia de Vitoria de 1537 Sobre los indios americanos afirma la igualdad moral y los derechos fundamentales de todos los seres humanos, pero se contradice con las importantes desigualdades entre los conquistadores españoles y los pueblos indígenas de México y Perú. A pesar de reconocer estos derechos, la visión de Vitoria apoya una relación euroamericana desigual en lo que respecta a la soberanía territorial, la autodefensa, la autodeterminación y la libertad religiosa. Sus ideas tienen implicaciones para el derecho internacional contemporáneo relativo a los derechos indígenas. Sin embargo, su marco teológico limita este potencial. Para abordar mejor las cuestiones indígenas en la actualidad, abogo por replantear la perspectiva de Vitoria sustituyendo su esencialismo de los derechos humanos basado en el derecho natural por un enfoque naturalista que considere los derechos humanos como construcciones sociales. Este cambio puede ayudar a desarrollar el derecho internacional para prevenir interacciones violentas y promover la igualdad entre pueblos indígenas y no indígenas, reduciendo la dependencia de los Estados nación para salvaguardar los derechos indígenas.
Recibido: 03 agosto 2023
Aceptado: 18 abril 2024
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