La echaremos de menos cuando desaparezca: El asalto a la democracia en los Estados Unidos hoy y la lucha para salvarla
Resumen
Este artículo examina el asalto sistemático a los derechos y estructuras democráticas en los Estados Unidos hoy en día, el impacto continuo y de largo alcance de la presidencia de Donald Trump y el desarrollo del «trumpismo permanente» en la cultura política estadounidense, y la movilización de activistas para detener la marea de estas fuerzas. Los autores discuten la creciente alarma entre politólogos, teóricos democráticos y estudiosos de la guerra civil sobre la creciente «autocratización» de la política estadounidense y la «orbanización» del Partido Republicano en particular. Examinan cómo se desarrollan estas dinámicas a nivel local, con un enfoque en el estado «oscilante» de Michigan. Observan el crecimiento de los grupos armados del Poder Blanco y el giro hacia la violencia política en los Estados Unidos, y analizan la proliferación de teorías conspirativas (como la «Gran Mentira» o afirmación de que se robaron las elecciones de 2020) y la incorporación de ideas marginales de extrema derecha (como la «Teoría del Gran Reemplazo») a través de un ecosistema de medios que sostiene un universo epistémico paralelo de «posverdad» y «hechos alternativos». Los autores describen el aparato de robo electoral que está preparando el escenario para otro intento de golpe y varias medidas diseñadas para dificultar el voto (especialmente para los afroamericanos). Revisan el debate académico sobre la naturaleza del trumpismo. Finalmente, analizan la creciente resistencia al trumpismo en los EE. UU. y varias formas de organización como un medio crítico para defender los derechos democráticos y derrotar el autoritarismo.
Recibido: 11 julio 2022
Aceptado: 23 noviembre 2022
Descargas
Citas
Aleem, Zeeshan. 2022. «Welcome to Trump’s GOP: The Big Lie, election forgeries - and now an FBI arrest». MSNBC Daily, June 13. Accessed June 15, 2022 https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/michigan-republican-ryan-kelley-s-jan-6-arrest-gives-his-n1296284
Arango, Tim, Livia Albeck-Ripka, Soumya Karlamangla, and Holly Secon. 2022. «How the Pelosi attack suspect plunged into online hatred». The New York Times, November 20. Accessed November 20, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/20/us/pelosi-attack-suspect-david-depape.html
Aronson, Ronald. 2022. «Is America in the grip of social madness?» New Politics, August 11. Accessed August 11, 2022. https://newpol.org/is-america-in-the-grip-of-social-madness/
Arsenault, Chris. 2022. «How the US far-right threat has evolved since January 6». Al Jazeera English, January 4. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/4/how-the-us-far-right-threat-has-evolved-since-january-6
Bedekovics, Greta and Ashleigh Maciolek. 2022. «Election deniers lost key races for federal and state offices in the 2022 midterm elections». Center for American Progress, November 22. Accessed November 22, 2022. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/election-deniers-lost-key-races-for-federal-and-state-offices-in-the-2022-midterm-elections/
Belew, Kathleen. 2022. «Militia groups were hiding in plain sight on Jan. 6. They’re still dangerous». The Washington Post, January 6. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/01/06/militias-capitol-january-6/
Berman, Ari. 2021. «The insurrection was put down. The GOP plan for minority rule marches on.» Mother Jones, March-April. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/01/the-insurrection-was-put-down-the-gop-plan-for-minority-rule-marches-on/
Borger, Julian. 2020. «Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study». The Guardian, October 26. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump
Bowerman, Mary. 2016. «Here’s a look at how insanely close the election actually was in six key states». USA Today, November 9. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/09/heres-look-how-insanely-close-election-actually-six-key-states/93547500/
Brennan Center for Justice. 2021. «Voting laws roundup: December 2021». December 21 (updated January 12, 2022). Accessed June 15, 2022: https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-december-2021
Brennan Center for Justice. 2022a. «Voting laws roundup: May 2022». May 26. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-may-2022
Brennan Center for Justice. 2022b. «Democracy on the brink». Panel discussion held on September 28. Accessed September 29, 2022. Video available at https://youtu.be/rggZ1IFBo5Q
Burnham, Linda, Max Elbaum, and Maria Poblet, eds. 2022. Power concedes nothing: How grassroots organizing wins elections. New York: OR Books.
Chicago Project on Security and Threats. 2022. Deep, divisive, disturbing and continuing: New survey shows mainstream support for violence to restore Trump remains strong. Findings from the Fall 2021 CPOST (NORC) American Political Violence Survey. January 2. Accessed June 15, 2022 https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/deep_divisive_disturbing_and_continuing_new_survey_shows_maintream_support_for_violence_to_restore_trump_remains_strong/
Christie, Bob. 2022. «Arizona Republican calls push to overturn 2020 ‘juvenile’». Associated Press, June 20. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-capitol-siege-biden-presidential-election-2020-5f0f2eeae477437a5fed9fffe9ce286a
Cobb, Jelani. 2020. «Our long, forgotten history of election-related violence». The New Yorker, September 14. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/our-long-forgotten-history-of-election-related-violence
Cobb, Jelani. 2022. «The enduring power of Trumpism». The New Yorker, November 15. Accessed November 15, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-enduring-power-of-trumpism
Confessore, Nicholas. 2022. «How Tucker Carlson stoked white fear to conquer cable». The New York Times, April 30 (updated May 4). Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/30/us/tucker-carlson-gop-republican-party.html
Danner, Mark. 2022. «The slow-motion coup: What has Donald Trump taken from our democracy?» New York Review of Books, October 6. Accessed October 30, 2022. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2022/10/06/the-slow-motion-coup-mark-danner/
Downs, Gregory P. and Kate Masur. 2021. «Yes, Wednesday’s attempted insurrection is who we are». The Washington Post, January 8. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/08/yes-wednesdays-attempted-insurrection-is-who-we-are/
Freedland, Jonathan. 2021. «Trump may be fading away, but Trumpism is now in the American bloodstream». The Guardian, August 6. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/06/trump-trumpism-american-presidential-run-republican
Ganz, John. 2021. «The week in fascism: On Claremont and Tucker». Unpopular Front, March 28. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://johnganz.substack.com/p/the-week-in-fascism
Ganz, John. 2022a. «What is Trumpism?» Unpopular Front, January 13. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://johnganz.substack.com/p/what-is-trumpism
Ganz, John. 2022b. «The right’s big score: How the conservative elite gambled and won». Unpopular Front, July 7. Accessed July 7, 2022. https://johnganz.substack.com/p/the-rights-big-score
Gellman, Barton. 2021. «Donald Trump’s next coup has already begun». The Atlantic, December 6. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/01/january-6-insurrection-trump-coup-2024-election/620843/
Gibbons, Lauren. 2022. «Kristina Karamo, election critic, is GOP choice for Michigan Secretary of State». Bridge Michigan, April 23. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/kristina-karamo-election-critic-gop-choice-michigan-secretary-state
Glawe, Justin. 2022. «Revealed: election conspiracy theorists work as election officials across Georgia». The Guardian, May 13. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/13/trump-big-lie-georgia-election-officials
Hayes, Chris. 2018. «Tracking the conservative movement with Corey Robin: podcast & transcript». Why Is This Happening? May 15. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/corey-robin-conservative-movement-podcast-transcript-ncna874126
Hayes, Chris. 2022. «How Trump’s coup plot followed a ‘pre-existing script in American history’». All In with Chris Hayes, MSNBC, June 29. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/how-trump-s-coup-plot-followed-a-pre-existing-script-in-american-history-143126597887
Hendrickson, Clara and Dave Boucher. 2022. «Lawsuit against redistricting commission alleges state House map unfair to Democrats». Detroit Free Press, February 1. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2022/02/01/redistricting-commission-michigan-democrats-map-lawsuit/9238288002/
Illing, Sean. 2021. «American fascism isn’t going away». Vox, January 29. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/1/29/22250294/trump-american-fascism-jason-stanley
Isaac, Jeffrey C. 2020. «How Trump didn’t «win» but one historian lost his bearings». Democracy in Dark Times, November 13. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://jeffreycisaacdesign.wordpress.com/2020/11/13/how-trump-didnt-win-but-one-historian-lost-his-bearings/
Isaac, Jeffrey C. 2022. «The election averted some disasters, but the danger still remains». Democracy in Dark Times, November 11. Accessed November 11, 2022. https://jeffreycisaacdesign.wordpress.com/2022/11/11/the-election-averted-some-disasters-but-the-danger-still-remains/
Lehmann, Chris. 2022. «The Pelosi attack marks an age of political violence». The Nation. October 31. Accessed November 10, 2022. https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/pelosi-attack/
Lerner, Kira. 2022. «UPDATED Trump’s fake electors: Here’s the full list». Iowa Capital Dispatch, July 3. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/07/03/updated-trumps-fake-electors-heres-the-full-list/
Ludwig, Mike. 2022. «GOP suppression efforts escalate as voting rights bill fails in Senate». Truthout, January 21. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://truthout.org/articles/gop-suppression-efforts-escalate-as-voting-rights-bill-fails-in-senate/
Lührmann, Anna, Juraj Medzihorsky, Garry Hindle, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2020. «New global data on political parties: V-Party». V-Dem Institute Briefing Paper #9, October 26. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/vparty_briefing.pdf
MacLean, Nancy. 2022. «The pre-history –and likely sequels– of the insurrection at the U.S. Capitol». Lecture delivered at the National Humanities Center, March 2. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://youtu.be/m26Gp0DzO-w
Marantz, Andrew. 2019. Antisocial: Online extremists, techno-utopians, and the hijacking of the American conversation. New York: Viking.
Marantz, Andrew. 2022. «Does Hungary offer a glimpse of our authoritarian future?» The New Yorker, June 27. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/04/does-hungary-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-authoritarian-future
Mazzarella, William. 2019. «Brand(ish)ing the name; or, why is Trump so enjoyable?» in William Mazzarella, Eric L. Santner, and Aaron Schuster, Sovereignty, Inc. Three inquiries in politics and enjoyment. pp. 113-160. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Millhiser, Ian. 2021. «How America lost its commitment to the right to vote». Vox, July 21. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.vox.com/22575435/voting-rights-supreme-court-john-roberts-shelby-county-constitution-brnovich-elena-kagan
Mishra, Pankaj. 2019. «How Narendra Modi seduced India with envy and hate». New York Times, May 23. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/opinion/modi-india-election.html
Morris, Kevin, Coryn Grange, and Zoe Merriman. 2022. The impact of restrictive voting legislation. Brennan Center for Justice, April 5. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/impact-restrictive-voting-legislation
Moyn, Samuel and David Priestland. 2017. «Trump isn’t a threat to our democracy. Hysteria is.» The New York Times, August 11. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/opinion/sunday/trump-hysteria-democracy-tyranny.html
Moyn, Samuel. 2020a. «The trouble with comparisons». New York Review of Books, May 19. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/05/19/the-trouble-with-comparisons/
Moyn, Samuel. 2020b. «How Trump won». New York Review of Books, November 9. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/11/09/how-trump-won/
Moyn, Samuel. 2021. «Allegations of fascism distract from the real danger». The Nation, January 18. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.thenation.com/article/society/trump-fascism/
Nann Burke, Melissa. 2022. «Meijer challenger Gibbs to hold fundraiser at Trump’s Mar-a-Lago club». The Detroit News, March 29. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/29/donald-trump-mar-lago-club-funraiser-john-gibbs-peter-meijer-impeachment-vote/7202669001/
Oosting, Jonathan. 2022. «Who are the Republicans running against Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer?» Bridge Michigan, April 19. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/who-are-republicans-running-against-michigan-gov-gretchen-whitmer
Osnos, Evan. 2021. «Dan Bongino and the big business of returning Trump to power». The New Yorker, December 27. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/01/03/dan-bongino-and-the-big-business-of-returning-trump-to-power
Pape, Robert A. 2022. «The Jan. 6 insurrectionists aren’t who you think they are». Foreign Policy, January 6. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/06/trump-capitol-insurrection-january-6-insurrectionists-great-replacement-white-nationalism/
Parker, Ashley, Hannah Allam, and Marianna Sotomayor. 2022. «Attack on Nancy Pelosi’s husband follows years of GOP demonizing her». The Washington Post. October 29. Accessed November 10, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/29/paul-pelosi-attack-republicans-target/
Parks, Miles. 2022. «Election deniers are running to control voting. Here’s how they’ve fared so far.» Morning Edition, National Public Radio, August 18. Accessed August 18, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/07/29/1113707783/election-deniers-secretary-of-state-arizona-finchem
Pengelly, Martin. 2022. «‘I’d vote for him again’: Bowers backs Trump despite denouncing ‘big lie’». The Guardian, June 22. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/22/arizona-rusty-bowers-jan-6-trump-vote
Pogue, James. 2022. «Inside the new right, where Peter Thiel is placing his biggest bets». Vanity Fair, April. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/04/inside-the-new-right-where-peter-thiel-is-placing-his-biggest-bets
Ramsey, Ross. 2022. «Analysis: When 1 in 8 Texas mail ballots gets trashed, that’s vote suppression». The Texas Tribune, March 18. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.texastribune.org/2022/03/18/texas-rejected-election-ballots/
Reilly, Ryan J., Pete Williams and Henry J. Gomez. 2022. «FBI arrests Michigan GOP gubernatorial candidate on Jan. 6 charges». NBC News, June 9 Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/fbi-raids-home-michigan-gop-gubernatorial-candidate-rcna32761
Remnick, David. 2022. «A role model for the midterms». The New Yorker, May 1. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/09/a-role-model-for-the-midterms
Risen, James. 2022. «In the shadow of the Jan. 6 hearings, right-wing militancy is on the rise». The Intercept, June 17. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://theintercept.com/2022/06/17/jan-6-hearings-right-wing-white-nationalists/
Robin, Corey. 2017. «Triumph of the shill: The political theory of Trumpism». n+1, Issue 29. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.nplusonemag.com/issue-29/politics/triumph-of-the-shill/
Robin, Corey. 2018. The reactionary mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, Steve. 2022. «A deadly ideology: how the ‘great replacement theory’ went mainstream». The Guardian, June 8. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/08/a-deadly-ideology-how-the-great-replacement-theory-went-mainstream
Rothschild, Mike. 2021. The storm is upon us: How QAnon became a movement, cult, and the conspiracy theory of everything. Brooklyn: Melville House.
Segers, Grace and Daniel Strauss. 2022. «What if Trump wins in 2024?» The New Republic. April 19. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://newrepublic.com/article/165986/what-if-trump-wins-2024
Serwer, Adam. 2021. The cruelty is the point: The past, present, and future of Trump’s America. New York. One World.
Serwer, Adam. 2022. «Conservatives are defending a sanitized version of ‘The Great Replacement’». The Atlantic, May 19. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/buffalo-shooting-republican-great-replacement/629903/
Stanley, Jason. 2018. How fascism works: The politics of us and them. New York: Random House.
Stanley, Jason, Federico Finchelstein, and Pablo Piccato. 2020. «Will fascism win the US election?» Project Syndicate, October 30. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trumpian-threat-of-fascist-authoritarianism-after-election-by-federico-finchelstein-et-al-2020-10
Stanley, Jason. 2021a. «Trump’s neo-fascism takes America’s racism to the next level». The Daily Beast, January 6. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.thedailybeast.com/trumps-neo-fascism-takes-americas-racism-to-the-next-level
Stanley, Jason. 2021b. «America is now in fascism’s legal phase». The Guardian, December 22. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/22/america-fascism-legal-phase
Sunshine, Spencer. 2022. «The proud boys gained 29 chapters in the year since capitol attack». Truthout, March 10. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://truthout.org/articles/the-proud-boys-gained-29-chapters-in-the-year-since-capitol-attack/
Swasey, Benjamin and Connie Hanzhang Jin. 2020. «Narrow wins in these key states powered biden to the presidency». National Public Radio, December 2. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/02/940689086/narrow-wins-in-these-key-states-powered-biden-to-the-presidency
Taylor, Astra. 2019. Democracy may not exist, but we’ll miss it when it’s gone. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Tharoor, Ishaan. 2022. «The Orbanization of America: The U.S. right walks in Hungary’s path». The Washington Post, May 17. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/17/viktor-orban-american-right-illiberal-orbanization/
Traverso, Enzo. 2019. The new faces of fascism: Populism and the far right. London: Verso.
Walter, Barbara F. 2022. How civil wars start. New York: Crown.
Weber, Paul J. and Acacia Coronado. 2022. «Texas mail ballot rejections soar under new restrictions». Associated Press, March 16. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-elections-texas-voting-only-on-ap-45ba51fe9dd951a0f82015bd6bd9ff41
Woodruff, Judy. 2022. «New book ‘The divider’ takes a look at Trump presidency and what led to January 6 attacks». PBS NewsHour, September 22. Accessed October 10, 2022. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/new-book-the-divider-takes-a-look-at-trump-presidency-and-what-led-to-january-6-attacks
3.jpg)
3.jpg)
3.jpg)
.jpg)
