Equality bodies in the European Union: The Spanish independent authority for equal treatment

Keywords: equality, equality bodies, European standards, Spain

Abstract

The preceding two decades have been characterized by the evolution of equality bodies at the domestic level. Recently, several propositions have been advanced with the aim of instituting minimal prerequisites for the functioning of equality entities, aimed at enhancing their efficacy and ensuring their independence, thus fortifying the enforcement of the principle of equal treatment. In Spain, Law 15/2022 has provided for the creation of the Independent Authority for Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination, but after the six months established for its configuration, it has not been set up. This work critically examines the proposed reforms within the Equality Directives concerning these bodies and their implementation in the case of Spain. At the same time, it assesses, from a proactive perspective, how to develop European standards in line with the proposal, so that equality bodies can deploy their full potential.

Received: 15 May 2023 
Accepted: 06 November 2023

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Cachón, Lorenzo. 2004. «España y la Directiva 2000/43 de la “ocasión perdida” a una legislación general sobre igualdad de trato». Tiempo de paz 73: 13-22.

Cachón, Lorenzo. 2011. «Policies against discrimination in Europe and Spain: laying the foundations of a just policy for social cohesion», Documentacion Social 162: 17-30.

Crowley, Niall. 2016. «Merging mandates of equality bodies and national human rights institutions- a growing trend», European Equality Law Review 2: 34-45.

Crowley, Niall. 2018. Equality Bodies Making a Difference. Brussels: European Network of Legal Experts in Gender, Equality and Non-Discrimination and European Commission.

Crowley, Niall. 2021. «Setting and achieving standards: Independent assistance competences of the equality body», European Equality Law Review 1: 1-14.

EQUINET. 2023. Moving forward the European Commission’s proposals for Directives strengthening Equality Bodies, An Equinet position paper, Brussels: Equinet.

Esteve, Francina. 2013. «La normativa europea contra la discriminación y el racismo: su desarrollo y aplicación en España, Italia y Francia». En Discriminación racial y étnica: balance de la aplicación y eficacia de las garantías normativas, coordinador por José García-Añón y Mario Ruiz- Sanz, 25-56. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.

Farkas, Lilla. 2022. Learnings from the piloting of indicators for the mandate and independence of equality bodies, Brussels: Equinet.

FRA. 2017. Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey. Main results, EU-Midis II, Belgium: Bietlot.

Hamman, Philippe, and Cécile Frank. 2015. «The EU’s Racial Equality Directive and the Evolution of Discourse in the Field of the Fight against Discrimination. a Comparison between France, the UK and Spain». Sociological Research Online 20(2): 71-90.

Holtmaat, Rikki. 2006. Catalyst for Change? Equality bodies according to Directive 2000/43/EC- existence, independence and effectiveness. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G.2.

Howard, Erica. 2018. «EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward?», International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 18 (2-3): 60-81.

Iordache, Romanița, and Iustina Ionescu. 2022. Effectively enforcing the right to non-discrimination. Promising practices implementing and going beyond the requirements of the Racial Equality and Employment Equality Directives, Luxembourg: EU.

Kádár, Tamás. 2018. «Equality bodies: A European phenomenon», International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 18 (2-3): 144-162.

Kádár, Tamás. 2019. «The legal standing of equality bodies», European Equality Law Review 1: 1-16.

Rey, Fernando. 2019. Derecho antidiscriminatorio. Cizur Menor: Aranzadi Thomson Reuters.

Rey, Fernando. 2021. «El organismo español para la igualdad: claves para su convergencia con el modelo europeo», REGAP 61: 311-342.

Solá, Ignacio. 2023. «La Autoridad Independiente para la Igualdad de Trato: su encaje en la legislación de la Unión Europea. Riesgos y oportunidades de su puesta en marcha», unpublished, courtesy of the author.

Solanes, Ángeles. 2022. «Racismo, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia: Cuestiones pendientes en la Unión Europea». En Dinámicas racistas y prácticas discriminatorias: La realidad en España, Francia, Italia, Dinamarca y Finlandia, dirigido por Ángeles Solanes, 23-62. Cizur Menor: Aranzadi Thomson Reuters.

Van de Graaf, Cathérine. 2020. «Procedural justice perceptions in the mediation of discrimination reports by a national equality body», International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 20 (1): 45-61.

Published
2023-12-22
How to Cite
Solanes Corella, Ángeles. 2023. “Equality Bodies in the European Union: The Spanish Independent Authority for Equal Treatment”. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 12 (December), 105-35. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.2905.