Transitional Justice measures implemented in Argentina: their psychosocial impact

  • Elena Zubieta University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Juan Bombelli Argentine Catholic University, Argentina
  • Marcela Muratori University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Keywords: Argentine dictatorship, collective violence, transitional justice measures, psychosocial impact, violence affectation

Abstract

Terrorism carried out by State forces is the most reprehensible action to be taken because the power and resources of a country are used to generate terror. Such power and resources are aimed at reaching certain political goals instead of serving the citizens. Transitional Justice has raised complex debates related to democratisation, human rights and the reconstruction of the State and its institutions after periods of severe social conflict. After the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983), different transitional justice mechanisms were implemented to cope with the consequences of the State’s collective violence: Truth Commission, criminal trials, institutional reforms, as well as reparatory gestures. A descriptivecorrelational study of group difference was developed, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. It was aimed at analysing the psychosocial impact of transitional justice measures taken in Argentina. The study was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample composed of 576 participants. Findings support the effectiveness of combined Transitional Justice measures, the weakness of recognition of criminal acts and apologies, and significant differences in terms of violence affectation.

Received: 20 September 2021
Accepted: 25 November 2021

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andrieu, Kora. 2009. «´Sorry for the Genocide´. How public apologies can help promote national reconciliation.» Millenium: Journal of International Studies 38, no. 1: 3-23.

Andrieu, Kora. 2010. «Transitional justice: A new discipline in Human Rights.» Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Accessed February 4, 2013 http://www.massviolence.org/PdfVersion?id_article=539.

Arnoso, Maitane, Juan I. Bombelli, Marcela Muratori, Silvia Mele, & Elena Zubieta. 2013. «La CONADEP y el Informe “Nunca Más”: Conocimiento, eficacia y emociones asociadas.» Anuario de Investigaciones XX: 197-205.

Arnoso, Maitane, & Silvia Da Costa. 2015. «Actitudes hacia el pasado de violencia colectiva y actividades de Justicia Transicional en Uruguay.» Psicologia Política, 15, no. 32: 185-201.

Arnoso, Maitane, Marcela Muratori, Juan I. Bombelli, & Elena Zubieta. 2017. «Evaluación de medidas retributivas y restaurativas luego de pasados políticos traumáticos: una mirada al caso argentino.» Cuadernos FHyCS – UNJu 52: 211-233.

Avruch, Kevin. 2010. «Truth and reconciliation commissions: problems in transitional justice and the reconstruction of identity.» Transcultural Psychiatry 47, no. 1: 33-49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461510362043

Bakiner, Onur. 2014. «Truth Commission Impact: An Assessment of How Commissions Influence Politics and Society.» International Journal of Transitional Justice 8, no 1: 6-30.

Balza, Martín. 1995. Mensaje al país. Accessed in http://www.desaparecidos.org/nuncamas/web/document/militar/balza95.htm

Blatz, Craig W., Karina Schumann, & Michael Ross. 2009. «Government apologies for historical injustices.» Political Psychology 30, no. 2: 219-241.

Bobowik, Magdalena, Darío Páez, Maitane Arnoso, Manuel Cárdenas, Bernard Rimé, Elena Zubieta, & Marcela Muratori. 2017. «Institutional apologies and socioemotional climate in the South American context.» British Journal of Social Psychology 56, no. 3: 578-598.

Calcagno, Jorge L. 2013. La construcción de la democracia: Raúl Alfonsín y los militares. Buenos Aires: Corregidor.

Canelo, Paula. 2010. «La convicción y la responsabilidad: La interna militar en torno a las ‘autocríticas’ del general Balza durante los años noventa en la Argentina.» VI Jornadas de Sociología de la UNLP, December 9 and 10 2010, La Plata, Argentina.

CONADEP. 1984. Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas. Informe Nunca Más. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.

Crenzel, Emilio. 2010. «Políticas de la memoria. La historia del informe Nunca Más.» Papeles del CEIC 61, no. 2: 1-31.

Drožd̄ek, Boris. 2010. «How do we salve our wounds? Intercultural perspectives on individual and collective strategies of making peace with own past.» Traumatology 16, no. 4: 5-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610362800

Echebarria, Agustín, & Darío Páez. 1989. Emociones: perspectivas psicosociales. Madrid: Fundamentos.

Etxebarría, Itziar, Darío Páez, José Valencia, María A. Bilbao, & Elena Zubieta. 2010. «Efectos de rituales de expiación y glorificación de la Iglesia sobre la guerra civil española.» Revista de Psicología 28, no. 1: 37-80.

Gabisirege, Simon, & Stella Babalola. 2001. Perceptions about the Gacaca Law in Rwanda: Evidence from a multi-method study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs.

Gibson, James L. 2004. Overcoming Apartheid: Can truth reconcile a divided Nation? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Greiff, Pablo de. 2008. «Justicia y Reparaciones.» In Reparaciones para las víctimas de violencia política: estudios de caso y análisis comparado, edited by Catalina Díaz, 407-440. Bogotá: ICTJ.

Greiff, Pablo de. 2011. «Algunas reflexiones acerca del desarrollo de la Justicia Transicional.» Anuario de Derechos Humanos 7: 17-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.5354/0718-2279.2011.16994

Greiff, Pablo de. 2012. «Teorizar la justicia transicional.» American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy 51: 31-77.

Greiff, Pablo de. 2014. «Transitional Justice and development.» In International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects, edited by Bruce Currie- Adler, Ravi Kanbur, David M. Malone, & Rohinton Medhora, 412-427. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hayner, Priscilla. 1994. «Fifteen Truth Commissions–1974 to 1994: A comparative study.» Human Rights Quarterly 16, no. 4: 597-655.

James, Matt. 2008. «Wrestling with the past: Apologies, quasi-apologies, and non-apologies in Canada.» In The age of apology: Facing up to the past, edited by Mark Gibney, Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann, Jean-Marc Coicaud, & Niklaus Steiner, 137-153. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. 1992. Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.

Lira, Elizabeth, & María I. Castillo. 1991. Psicología de la amenaza política y del miedo. Santiago de Chile: CERSOC.

Lundy, Patricia, & Mark McGovern. 2008. «Whose justice? Rethinking transitional justice from the bottom up.» Journal of Law and Society 35, no. 2: 265-292.

Manzi, Jorge, & Roberto González. 2007. «Forgiveness and reparation in Chile: The role of cognitive and emotional intergroup antecedents.» Peace and Conflict 13, no. 1: 71-91.

Martín-Baró, Ignacio. 2003. Poder, ideología y violencia. Madrid: Trotta. McEvoy, Kieran. (2007). «Beyond Legalism: Towards a thicker understanding

of transitional justice.» Journal of Law and Society 34, no. 4: 411-440. Muratori, Marcela, & Elena Zubieta. 2013. «Miedo al delito y victimización

como factores influyentes en la percepción del contexto social y clima emocional.» Boletín de Psicología, 109: 7-18.

Páez, Darío. 2010. «Official or political apologies and improvement of intergroup relations: a neo-Durkheimian approach to official apologies as rituals.» Revista de Psicología Social 25, no. 1: 101-115.

Páez, Darío, Nekane Basabe, & José L. González. 1997. «Social processes and collective memory: A cross-cultural approach to remembering political events.» In Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives, edited by James W. Pennebaker, Darío Páez, & Bernard Rimé, 147-174. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Páez, Darío, & James Liu. 2011. «Collective Memory of Conflicts.» In Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: Social Psychological Perspective, edited by Daniel Bar-Tal, 105-124. New York: Psychology Press.

Reyes, Carlos, Gino Grondona, & Marcelo Rodríguez. 2015. «Evaluación del impacto de la Comisión de la Verdad en Ecuador: aportes psicosociales en la actual discusión sobre la reparación a las víctimas.» Psicología Política 15, no. 32: 119-136.

Rivera, Joseph de. 1992. «Emotional climate: Social structure and emotional dynamics.» International Review of Studies on Emotion 2: 197-218.

Rivera, Joseph de. 2014. «Culturas de Paz y el clima emocional en las sociedades.» In Psicología social y política: procesos teóricos y estudios aplicados, edited by Elena Zubieta, José F. Valencia, & Gisela Delfino, 159- 178. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.

Robben, Antonius C. 2005. «How traumatized societies remember: The aftermath of Argentina’s dirty war.» Cultural Critique 59, no. 1: 120-164.

Salvi, Valentina. 2012. De vencedores a víctimas: memorias militares sobre el pasado reciente en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Biblos.

Salvi, Valentina. 2015. «Guerra, subversivos y muertos. Un estudio sobre las declaraciones de militares en el primer año de democracia.» In Democracia, hora cero. Actores, políticas y debates en los inicios de la postdictadura, edited by Claudia Feld, & Marina Franco, 153-193. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Schey, Peter, Shelton, Dinah, & Naomi Roth-Arriaza. 1997. «Addressing Human Rights Abuses: Truth Commissions and the Value of Amnesty.» Whittier Law Review 19: 325-344.

Stein, Dan J., Soraya Seedat, Debra Kaminer, Hashim Moomal, Allen Herman, John Sonnega, & David R. Williams. 2008. «The impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on psychological distress and forgiveness in

South Africa.» Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43: 462-468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0350-0

United Nations (2004). Reporte del SecretarioGeneral, el Estado de Derecho y la Justicia Transicional en las sociedades en conflicto y postconflicto. August 3rd 2004, UN Doc S/2004/616.

Zubieta, Elena, Juan I. Bombelli, & Marcela Muratori. 2015. «Argentina: el impacto de la implementación de medidas de Justicia Transicional post Dictadura.» Psicología Política 15, no. 32: 101-118.

Zubieta, Elena, Gisela Delfino, & Omar Fernández. 2008. «Clima social emocional, confianza en las instituciones y percepción de problemas sociales. Un estudio con estudiantes universitarios urbanos argentinos.» Psykhe 17, no. 1: 5-16.

Published
2021-12-28
How to Cite
Zubieta, Elena, Juan Bombelli, and Marcela Muratori. 2021. “Transitional Justice Measures Implemented in Argentina: Their Psychosocial Impact”. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 8 (December), 19-49. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.2283.